Mixed methods research (MMR)

Mixed methods research (MMR) integrates qualitative and quantitative methods in one study to improve the study's quality. Therefore, it is suggested by the author, adopting a pragmatic perspective on research, a rational form of bargaining that considers the pros and cons of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Building on the strengths of both perspectives, combining the two approaches concurs with Lötter's view that qualitative and quantitative research is, in fact, a complex continuum (Lötter, 1995 in Schulze, 2003). MMR has been employed in the social and behavioral sciences for more than three decades.

According to Creswell (2009) there are three possible models of combination:

1. Two-phase model: in which a quantitative phase is followed by a qualitative phase or vice versa. Thus, the two paradigms are clearly separate and the researcher can thoroughly present the assumptions underlying each phase.

2. Dominant-less dominant model: in which the researcher conducts the study within a single, dominant paradigm.

3. Mixed methodology model design: According to Creswell (2009), one of the ways in which the paradigms may be mixed is their use of theory or methods. Since the researcher may alternate between the two paradigms, this methodology is better suited to the experienced researcher with a sophisticated knowledge of both paradigms, which suits a doctoral level researcher. Two research types that combine quantitative and qualitative methodologies are action research and methods of programme evaluation.